第1讲 绪论与疾病概论（Introduction of Pathophysiology and Conspectus of Disease） 测验1 绪论与疾病概论
1、 病理生理学是( )
答案: 研究疾病发生、发展规律和机制的科学
2、 Which one does not belong to the fundamental pathological process ( )
答案: Heart failure
3、 Which one does not belong to the causes of diseases？
答案: Age and sex
4、 Which one does not belong to the fundamental mechanisms of disease
答案: Aging mechanism
5、 Which one cannot be used as a suitable criterion to brain death
答案: Cardiac arrest
6、 Generally speaking, what does the developing direction of a disease depend on
答案: The contrast between the strength of damage and anti-damage factors
7、 病理生理学是( )
答案: 研究疾病发生、发展规律和机制的科学
8、 病理生理学的主要任务是( )
答案: 研究疾病发生发展的规律与机制
9、 疾病概论主要论述的是( )
答案: 疾病中具有普遍规律性的问题
10、 病理过程是指( )
答案: 疾病中共同、成套的功能代谢和结构变化
11、 机体各系统病理生理学主要论述( )
答案: 重要系统在不同疾病中出现的共同病理变化
12、 病理生理学研究疾病的最主要方法是( )
答案: 动物实验
13、 能够较全面体现临床疾病特征的常用疾病模型是（ ）
答案: 整体动物模型
14、 It is impossible that two or more fundamental pathological processes involve in any disease simultaneously.
答案: 错误
15、 The main task of pathophysiology is to study the mechanisms and rules of the occurrence, development and outcome of disease.
答案: 正确
16、 Pathophysiology is a subject to study the rules of life activities of unhealthy individuals.
答案: 正确
第2讲 水钠代谢紊乱 （Disorder of Water and Sodium Metabolism） 测验2.2 水肿
1、 The main mechanism of facial edema in patients with nephrotic syndrome is ( )
答案: Decreased plasma colloid osmotic pressure and loose local tissue structure
2、 Which one of the following would not develop to anasarca
答案: Inflammatory edema
3、 Which of the following statements is not true about the resultant effect of edema on the body
答案: The pathological effect of local edema on the body is less than that of anasarca
4、 The basic mechanism inducing retention of sodium and water is that ( )
答案: There is a glomerular-tubular imbalance
5、 Which of the following is not concerned with plasma colloid osmotic pressure decrease
答案: Anemia
6、 The mechanism of edema in the homolateral arm of breast carcinoma treated with radical surgery is ( )
答案: Lymphatic obstruction due to removal of lymph nodes in operation
7、 下列那项不是肝硬化腹水形成的重要因素（ ）
答案: 有效循环血量增加
8、 象皮腿病的发生主要是由于（ ）
答案: 丝虫病局部淋巴管阻塞导致局部水肿并有结缔组织增生
9、 妊娠后期发生下肢水肿的主要机制是（ ）
答案: 毛细血管流体静压增高
10、 机体体循环静脉压增高的常见原因是（ ）
答案: 右心衰竭
11、 影响血浆胶体渗透压最重要的蛋白是（ ）
答案: 白蛋白
12、 水肿是指（ ）
答案: 组织间隙或体腔中液体过多
13、 组织间液增多的主要原因有（ ）
答案: 毛细血管流体静压增高;
血浆胶体渗透压降低;
微血管壁通透性增高;
组织间液中蛋白积聚;
淋巴回流受阻
14、 造成毛细血管流体静压增高的疾病有（ ）
答案: 左心衰竭;
右心衰竭;
门脉性肝硬化
15、 The effect of anasarca on the body must be greater than that of local edema.
答案: 错误
16、 The decrease of GFR can induce edema due to imbalance of fluid interchange between plasma and interstitial compartments.
答案: 错误
17、 One of the mechanisms of edema induced by heart failure is the increase of glomerular FF.
答案: 正确
第2讲 水钠代谢紊乱 （Disorder of Water and Sodium Metabolism） 测验2.1 水钠代谢紊乱
1、 低渗性脱水时尿钠减少的主要原因是（）
答案: 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋
2、 低容量性高钠血症脱水的主要部位是 ( )
答案: 细胞内液
3、 最易发生脱水热的水与电解质紊乱类型是（）
答案: 低容量性高钠血症
4、 The predominant harmful effect in acute water intoxication is（）
答案: Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension
5、 Which organ plays the key role in keeping sodium and water balance of body
答案: Kidney
6、 Which one of the following disorders of water and sodium metabolism might result in cerebral hemorrhage（）
答案: Hypertonic dehydration
7、 Peripheral circulatory failure may occur late in hypertonic dehydration because of（）
答案: The water movement from ICF to ECF
8、 The main characteristic of body fluid change in hypovolemic hyponatremia is that（）
答案: Intracellular fluid is increased, extracellular fluid is decreased
9、 The characteristic of hypovolemic hyponatremia is（）
答案: Decreased Serum [Na+], decreased volume of ECF
10、 低渗性脱水时尿钠减少的主要原因是（）
答案: 肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统兴奋
11、 下列哪种情况属于低容量低钠血症（）
答案: 囟门、眼窝塌陷，外周循环衰竭较早出现
12、 急性肾功能衰竭少尿期摄入水过多可发生（）
答案: 水中毒
13、 下列哪些情况可以引起高渗性脱水（）
答案: 昏迷;
频繁呕吐;
高热;
尿崩症;
渴感障碍
14、 高渗性脱水早期，机体的代偿反应表现为（）
答案: 口渴中枢兴奋;
ADH释放增多;
细胞内水分转向细胞外
15、 Patients of hypotonic dehydration are often associated with inappropriate treatment such as replacement of pure water to the loss of water and sodium.
答案: 正确
16、 The main role of ADH is to increase the reabsorption of water in distal tubule and collecting duct of kidney.
答案: 正确
第3讲 钾代谢紊乱（Disorder of Potassium Metabolism） 测验3 钾代谢紊乱
1、 小儿失钾的最重要原因是
答案: 严重腹泻呕吐
2、 反常性碱性尿常见于
答案: 高钾性酸中毒
3、 成人失钾最重要的途径是
答案: 经肾失钾
4、 影响细胞内外钾平衡调节的主要激素是
答案: 胰岛素
5、 影响体内外钾平衡调节的主要激素是
答案: 醛固酮
6、 The effects of mild hypokalemia on the physiological characteristics of myocardial cells are
答案: ↑excitability, ↓conductivity, ↑automaticity, ↑contractibility
7、 The excitability of skeletal muscles is decreased in acute hypokalemia because
答案: Em voltage becomes more negative, the difference between Em-Et increases
8、 The effects of severe hyperkalemia on the physiological characteristics of myocardial cell are
答案: ↓excitability, ↓conductivity, ↓automaticity, ↓contractibility
9、 The overdose of insulin may lead to hypokalemia due to
答案: The uptake of K+ into ICF compartment from ECF compartment
10、 The changes of ECG during acute hyperkalemia are as follows except
答案: Peaked P wave
11、 低钾血症对酸碱平衡的影响是
答案: 细胞内酸中毒，细胞外碱中毒
12、 In hyperkalemia the serum potassium concentration is more than
答案: 5.5mmol/L
13、 Which one of the following conditions can be caused by both hyperkalemia and hypokalemia
答案: Cardiac arrhythmia
14、 In hyperkalemia the serum potassium concentration is more than
答案: 5.5mmol/L
15、 In acute severe hyperkalemia, the neuromuscular excitability is increased with body sting and abnormal feeling.
答案: 错误
16、 Hyperkalemia leads to hyperpolarization blocking of myocardium.
答案: 错误
第4讲 酸碱平衡紊乱（Acid-Base Imbalance） 测验4 酸碱平衡紊乱
1、 The common causes of lactic acidosis are as follows except
答案: Severe starvation
2、 下列哪种酸属于挥发酸
答案: 碳酸
3、 反映血浆中实际HCO3-量的指标为
答案: AB
4、 AB和SB值均高于正常，且AB＞SB，表明可能有
答案: 呼吸性酸中毒
5、 正常体液中的酸性物质主要是
答案: 代谢产生的碳酸
6、 血液中pH值主要取决于血浆中
答案: HCO3-/H2CO3比值
7、 血液缓冲系统对固定酸的缓冲主要靠
答案: 碳酸氢盐缓冲系统
8、 AG增高一般意味着体内发生了
答案: 正常血氯性代谢酸中毒
9、 急性代谢性酸中毒时机体的代偿最主要依靠
答案: 肺的代偿
10、 酸中毒可使心肌收缩力
答案: 减弱
11、 下列哪项混合性酸碱平衡紊乱不可能出现
答案: 呼吸性酸中毒合并呼吸性碱中毒
12、 The chemoreceptor in respiratory center is most sensitive to the change of
答案: [H+]
13、 下列哪种酸属于挥发酸
答案: 碳酸
14、 从动脉抽取血样后，如不与大气隔绝，下列哪项指标测定结果将受影响
答案: AB
15、 酸中毒可使心肌收缩力
答案: 减弱
16、 Which of the following buffer systems is most important in buffering fixed acid
答案: Bicarbonate buffer system
17、 Metabolic acidosis with increased AG might be caused by
答案: ketoacidosis
18、 Causes of respiratory alkalosis are as follows except
答案: Respiratory failure
19、 In alkalosis, the increased neuromuscular excitability is mainly due to
答案: Decreased Ca2+
20、 In chronic respiratory acidosis, which is the main compensation
答案: Compensation by the kidney
21、 Which acid can be classified into volatile acid
答案: Carbonic acid
22、 An increased AG in the body means
答案: Normochloremic metabolic acidosis
23、 酸碱平衡紊乱与钾代谢变化密切相关，互为因果。
答案: 正确
24、 The patients with metabolic alkalosis may have mental derangement induced by the increase of γ-GABA.
答案: 错误
25、 In chronic metabolic acidosis, pH remains 7.40 after the compensation of kidney.
答案: 正确
26、 The patients with metabolic alkalosis may have mental derangement induced by the increase of γ-GABA.
答案: 错误
27、 Severe vomiting is the most common cause of metabolic alkalosis.
答案: 正确
28、 In acute metabolic acidosis, pH, AB, SB, PaCO2 are all decreased.
答案: 正确
第5讲 缺氧（Hypoxia） 测验5 缺氧
1、 The alterations of blood oxygen parameters in histogenous hypoxia are as follows except ( )
答案: Increased D (CaO2-CvO2)
2、 Which etiology can cause hemic hypoxia as follows ( )
答案: CO poisoning
3、 Which organ is most sensitive to hypoxia ( )
答案: Brain
4、 Which etiology can cause histogenous hypoxia as follows ( )
答案: Inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation
5、 Cyanosis appears when deoxyhemoglobin concentration of the blood in the capillaries is more than ( )
答案: 5g/dl
6、 Enterogenous cyanosis appears in which situation listed below ( )
答案: Methemoglobinemia
7、 某患者血气检查的结果是：血氧容量20ml/dl，动脉血氧含量15ml/dl，动脉血氧分压6.7Kpa(50mmhg)，动静脉血氧含量差4ml/dl，则其缺氧的类型为( )
答案: 低张性缺氧
8、 下列哪种情况可能引起缺氧性的呼吸加深加快( )
答案: 高原地区（＞4000 米）
9、 对组织性缺氧最有诊断价值的是( )
答案: 动-静脉血氧含量差
10、 某患者血气检查的结果是：血氧容量12ml/dl，动脉血氧含量11.4ml/dl，动脉血氧分压13.3Kpa(100mmhg)，动静脉血氧含量差3.6ml/dl，则其缺氧的类型为( )
答案: 慢性贫血
11、 某患者血气检查的结果是：血氧容量20ml/dl，动脉血氧含量19ml/dl，动脉血氧分压13.37Kpa(100mmhg)，动静脉血氧含量差6ml/dl，则其缺氧的类型为( )
答案: 休克
12、 严重缺氧时可以导致细胞损伤，此时细胞内、外的离子浓度变化为( )
答案: 细胞内Na+增加
13、 In acute hypoxia, the compensatory changes of the body mainly include ()
答案: Compensation of respiratory system;
Compensation of circulatory system
14、 In chronic hypoxia, the compensatory changes of the body mainly include ()
答案: Compensation of blood system;
Compensation of tissue cells
15、 78．可以出现动-静脉血氧含量差减少的缺氧类型有( )
答案: 低张性缺氧;
血液性缺氧;
组织性缺氧;
大气性缺氧
第6讲 发热（Fever） 测验6 发热
1、 关于发热的叙述，下列哪一项是正确的？
答案: 由于体温调节中枢调定点上移所引起
2、 下列哪种情况的体温升高属于发热？
答案: 输血后所引起的体温升高
3、 下列哪种情况属于过热？
答案: 先天性汗腺缺乏引起的体温升高
4、 关于热限的叙述下列正确的是( )
答案: 体温升高的程度受到限制
5、 The key step in mechanisms of fever is that ( )
答案: EPs up-regulate the set-point of thermoregulatory center
6、 发热激活物引起发热主要是由于( )
答案: 促进细胞产生和释放内生致热原
7、 下列哪种物质是发热激活物？
答案: 抗原抗体复合物
8、 The characteristic of heat metabolism in fever during the fervescence stage is ( )
答案: the increase of heat production and decrease of heat loss
9、 The characteristic of heat metabolism in fever during the defervescence stage is ( )
答案: the decrease of heat production and increase of heat loss
10、 Treatment should be employed immediately during fever except ( )
答案: men
11、 The characteristic of heat metabolism in fever during the persistent febrile stage is ( )
答案: the balance between heat production and heat loss
12、 The elevation of body temperature caused by stress belongs to physiological elevation of body temperature.
答案: 正确
13、 The elevation of body temperature caused by hyperthyroidism belongs to physiological elevation of body temperature.
答案: 错误
14、 Endogenous pyrogens can change the set point directly.
答案: 错误
15、 发热是一种独立的疾病，同时也是其它疾病发生的重要信号。
答案: 错误
第7讲 细胞增殖和凋亡异常与疾病（ Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis Abnormity and Diseases） 测验7 细胞增殖和凋亡异常与疾病
1、 The order of cell proliferation cycle was as follows ( )
答案: G1→S→G2→M
2、 Cells are classified according to their proliferative characteristics, excluding( )
答案: apoptotic cell
3、 Which one is wrong about description of cyclin ( )
答案: Because its production rate is constant, the activity of CDK is constant
4、 The cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor (CDI) is ( )
答案: Ink4
5、 Which of the following processes is apoptosis ( )
答案: Formation of finger (toe) space in human embryo
6、 The characteristic morphological changes of apoptosis is ( )
答案: Apoptotic body formation
7、 Cell cycle characteristics do not include ( )
答案: Reversibility
8、 Which caspase plays the final role of apoptosis ( )
答案: caspase-3
9、 关于细胞凋亡的描述，下列哪一项是错误的( )
答案: 细胞凋亡是一个不耗能的过程
10、 下列哪种基因的激活能抑制细胞凋亡
答案: Bcl-2
11、 在细胞周期运行过程中的“分子警察”指的是( )
答案: 野生型P53
12、 关于肿瘤，下列哪项说法是错误的( )
答案: Bcl-2基因高表达提示肿瘤预后良好
13、 细胞凋亡过度参与以下哪些疾病的发生( )
答案: 阿尔茨海默病;
心肌缺血-再灌注损伤;
艾滋病
14、 促进细胞凋亡的基因有( )
答案: Fas;
Bax;
野生型P53
15、 细胞凋亡的主要执行者有( )
答案: 内源性核酸内切酶;
凋亡蛋白酶
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